नेपाल - अंग्रेज युद्ध : जितागढ़ी युद्धमा अंग्रेज पराजित भएको दिन निकर्योल

g]kfn –c+u|]h o'4M lhtu9L o'4df c+u|]h k/flht ePsf] lbg lgSof}{n

xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] ;fd|fHojfbL c+u|]hl;t o'4 ePsf] b'O{ ztfAbL cyf{t @)) jif{ lalt ;s]sf] 5 . of] o'4n] ubf{ ljzfn g]kfn v'lDrg' k¥of] / cToGt 7"nf] bjfadf æ;'uf}nL ;lGwÆdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t ug'{ k¥of] . of] ;lGwn] xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] cf3ft k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} xfd|f] cfTd ;Ddfgdf rf]6 ;d]t k'¥ofof] . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf Jofkf/ ug{ cfPsf] O{i6 Ol08of sDkgLn] ef/tnfO{ cfˆgf] pklgj]z agfpg ;kmn eof] . ækm'6fp / zf;g u/Æ [Divide and Rule] eGg] gLltnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ ef/tsf] /fHo ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnP/ zf;g ug{ ;kmn eP . ef/tl;t ;Ldfgf hf]l8Psf] cToGt ;'Gb/ d'n's g]kfn k|lt ljljwsf/0f h:t} ;tnhb]lv l6i6f;Ddsf If]q g]kfn cwLg:y ePsf] hxfFaf6 ef]6 -ltAat_ df Jofkf/ ug{ ;lsg], c+u|]hx?sf lglDt cg's"n xfjf kfgL ePsf] ;'Gb/ :yfgx? u9jfn, s'dfp, b]x/fb"g lzdnf / bflh{lnª cflb g]kfnsf] cwLgdf ePsf] g]kfnl;t cfˆgf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{] rfxgf cflbn] cfslif{t x'g' :jefljs} lyof] .  Oltxf;sf/ gf/fo0fk|;fb ;+u|f}nfsf cg';f/ c+u|]hx? g]kfn;Fu /fhgLlts / Jofkfl/s ;DaGw sfod ug{ OR5's lyP t/ g]kfn c+u|]hx?af6 6f9} /xg] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf]n] c+u|]hx? cfˆgf] p2]Zodf ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ . c+u|]hx?n] g]kfnnfO{ ljjz t'NofP/ lj=;+=!*$* / !*%* -qmdzM ;g\ !&(@ / !*)!_ df afl0fHo Jofkf/ ;lGw u/]sf] lyof] . ;lGws} l;nl;nfdf ss{k]l6«s / gSz ldzgn] g]kfn cfpg] cj;/ k|fKt u/] klg ;kmntf eg] xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . o;/L O{i6 Ol08of sDkgL aLr ljljw ljifosf sf/0fn] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ /x]g . t;y{ c+u|]hx?n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu g]kfnnfO{ o'4df k/f:t u/L cg's'n kl/l:ylt lgdf{0fsf nflu c+u|]hx? sl6a4 eP . ->f]tM cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;+u|f}nfM k]h @(!_ cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; -;g\ !&$@–!(^!_ sf n]vs Oltxf;sf/ b]aLk|;fb zdf{ s8]+nsf cg';f/ æ g]kfnn] c+u|]hsf] gLlt a'em]sfn] pgLx?sf] g]kfn k|j]zdf cj/f]w v8f ug'{ / c+u|]hx? h'g dfWodaf6 eP klg g]kfn k|j]z ug{ vf]Hg' g} o'4sf] k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5 . -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;-;g\ !&$@–!(^!_M b]jLk|;fb zdf{ s8]nM k]h -!@#_ b'a} Oltxf;sf/ gf/fo0fk|;fb ;+u|f}nf / b]jLk|;fb zdf{ s8]nsf cg';f/ g]kfn –c+u|]h o'4 x'gfsf sf/0fx? lgDg x'g\ M

!= g]kfn / Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] lj:tf/jfbL gLlt M

g]kfn / O{i6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] lj:tf/jfbL gLlt g} o'4sf] k|d'v sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . ;g\ !&$# b]]lv g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg z'? ePsf] lyof] . pQm cleofgn] g]kfnsf] ;/xb-l;dfgf_ k"j{df l6i6f / blIf0fdf u+uf;Dd k'¥ofof] . cyf{t æuf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]/vfaf6 Plss/0f cleofgsf] z'? u/]kl5 pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] l6i6fb]lv ;tnh gbL;Ddsf] ljzfn e"efunfO{ Pp6} /fli6«o em08fd'lg ;+ul7t u/] . csf{] tkm{ O{i6 Ol08of sDkgLn] Pskl5 csf{] ub{} If]q lj:tf/sf] qmdzM cl3 a9]sf]n] b'a}n] Ps csf{nfO{ afws 7fGb} Ps csf{sf] cwLg:y Onfsfdfly bfjL ug{ yfn]sfn] o'4 x'g' :jfefljs g} lyof] .

-cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nf M k]h @(!_

@= g]kfndf sDkgL ;/sf/sf :jfy{x? cyf{t g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / /d0fLo :yfg k|lt cfslif{t x'g' M

g]kfndf sDkgL ;/sf/sf :jfy{x?lyP . tL :jfy{x? k|fKt ug{ pgLx?n] w]/} k|of; u/]sf lyP t/ ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ . To;sf/0f cfˆgf :jfy{ k|fKt ug{ g]kfn;Fu o'4 ug{ cu|;/ eP . g]kfndf c+u|]hx?sf :jfy{x? lgDgfg';f/ lyP M

s_ c+u|]hx? g]kfn;Fu / g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ ltAat;Fu Jokf/ ;+rfng ug{ rfxGy] .

v_ g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t h+un, vfgL cflbdf lgoGq0f u/L To;sf] pkef]u ug{ rfxGy] . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ efudf s8f / c;n hftsf ?vx? lyP . ljsf; / oftfoft lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu tL sf7x? ;fx|} pkof]uL lyP . g]kfndf k|z:t ;'g / ;'gsf vfgLx? 5g\ eGg] efg c+u|]hx?nfO{ k/]sf] lyof] . c+u|]hx? tL ;'gvfgLdf lgoGq0f ug{ rfxGy] .

u_ c+u|]hx? 708L b]zaf6 cfP/ aDa}, db|f; h:tf udL{ :ynx?df b'Mv ;x]/ al;/x]sf lyP . pgLx? s'dfpF, u9jfn, g}lgtfn, bflh{lnË cflb g]kfnsf 708L e"–efux? h:tf];'s} sl7g l:ylt cfP klg lbg rfxb}gYof] .

3_ c+u|]hn] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} g]kfnnfO{ cfˆgf] clwgdf kfg{] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . To;sf/0f g]kfn ;fx|} zlQmzfnL x'G5 ls eGg] 8/ sDkgL ;/sf/nfO{ lyof] .

g]kfnn] c+u|]hx?sf pko'{Qm :jfy{x? s'g} klg xfntdf klg k"/f ul/ lbg g;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf c+u|]hx? g]kfn;Fu o'4 ug{] lgx'F vf]lh/x]sf lyP .

-cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; -;g\ !&$@–!(^! _ b]jL k|;fb zdf{ sF8]nM k]h !@$ _

#= sDkgL ;/sf/sf] Jofkfl/s gLlt M

c+u|]hx? Jofkfl/s p2]Zon] ef/t cfPsf lyP . g]kfndf oxL p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu k|j]z ug{ rfxGy] . g]kfnl;t Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] agfP kl5 ltAat-ef]6_ / rLgl;t Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ rfxGy] . g]kfn c+u|]hx?l;t Jofkf/Ls tyf /fhgLlts ;DaGw sfod ug{ clgR5's /x]sf] / c:jLsf/ u/]sf]n] sDkgL ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;s]g . o;sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L cfˆgf] cg's"n Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug'{kg{] cfjZos 7fg]sfn] c+u|]hx?nfO{ g]kfn lj?4 o'4 afx]s csf{] ljsNk /x]g .

$= g]kfnn] c+u|]h lj?4 u'6 lgdf{0f ug'{ M

Jofkf/ ug{] p2]Zon] ef/t cfPsf c+u|]hx?n] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k u/L Jofkf/ ug{] p2]Zon] ef/t cfPsf c+u|]hx?n] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k u/L zf;g ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnPsf] of] oyfy{nfO{ g]kfnn] /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP . o;sf/0f g]kfn c+u|]hx?l;t ;hu / ;r]t lyof] . /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfb]lv g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLlt c+u|]hx? lj/f]wL lyof] . g]kfnn] oxL gLltnfO{ cjnDag ub{} cfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . eLd;]g yfkf b]zsf] d'lVtof/ -k|wfgdGqL_ x'Fbf c+u|]hx? lj?4sf] efjgf r/dr'nL k'u]sf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ ;fdl/s zlQmn] alnof] agfO{ c+u|]hx?l;t d'sfljnf ug{] af6f] ckgfP . o;}n] g]kfn ef/tsf :jtGq /fHox?sf ;fy} ltAat, rLg, ckmuflg:tfg, adf{ cflb d'n'sx?df cfˆgf b"tx? k7fO{ c+u|]hnfO{ ef/taf6 dfq xf]Og Plzofsf] e"ldaf6} nv]6\g] g]kfnsf] ;'/-clek|fo÷ljrf/_ lyof] .

c+u|]h lj?4 u'6 lgdf{0f ug{] qmddf d'lVtof/ eLd;]g yfkfn] lj=;+=!*&)-;g\ !*!#_ df k+= kbdkfl0f zdf{nfO{ Ujflno/, ;/bf/ k[YjLljnf;nfO{ cd[;/ -k~hfa_, Nxf;fdf jlsnsf] ?kdf /x]sf ;/bf/ 8Da/ yfkf / o'lwli7/ yfkfnfO{ rLg k7fPsf lyP . g]kfnn] c+u|]hx?nfO{ nv]6\gsf nflu cGo d'n'sx?df kqfrf/ ;d]t u/]sf lyP . l;lGwof / d/fÝfnfO{ eLd;]g yfkfn] c+u|]h lj/f]wL agfO{ ;s]sf lyP . pgn] rLg / ltAatl;t c+u|]hx? lj?4 u/]sf] g]t[Tj / To;af6 x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt ;+s6af/] ;f]r]/ c+u|]hx? Hofb} ?i6 ePsf lyP . To;sf/0f /fi6«x?sf] of] ;+u7gnfO{ w/fzfoL ug'{ cfjZos 7fg]/ c+u|]hx? ;lqmo eP/ nflu k/] . PlzofnL u'6 km'6fpg g]kfn;Fu o'4 ug'kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; c+u|]hx?n] u/] .

%=sDkgL ;;/sf/ g]kfn;;u ;;DaGw sfod ug{ c;kmn x'g' M

O{i6 Ol08of sDkgL ;/sf/ g]kfn;Fu ;DaGw sfod ug{ k6s–k6s k|oTg ubf{sf] afah'b c;kmn ePsf lyP . ;j{ k|yd lj=;+=!*@$ -;g\ !&^& O=_df sflGtk'/sf /fhf ho k|sfz dNnnfO{ ;}lgs ;xfotf k'¥ofpg sKtfg lsgnf]s [Captain Kinlock] sf] g]t[Tjdf uf]/vfnL ;}lgs lj/x? n8\g !* sDkgLdf ljeflht @$)) hgfsf] kmf}h tyf tf]k nufot k|z:t xltof/ ;lxt k7fOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+=!*@$ >fj0fsf] cGTo -cui6 !&^&_ df k6gfaf6 s"r -k|:yfg _ u/]sf] of] kmf}h / jiff{bsf] ;do / v/fj af6f]sf] sf/0fsf afah'b Hofb} d'lZsnn] l;Gw'nLu9L ;Dd k'Ug ;kmn eof] . ToxfF a+z' u'?ª tyf jL/eb| pkfWofosf] kmf}h / kf}jfu9Ldf a+z/fh kf08] tyf >Lxif{ kGtsf] kmf}hn] sKtfg lsgnf]ssf] kmf}hdfly cfqmd0f ubf{ cfˆgf xftxltof/ / aGb's ˆofFsL efufefu eP. o; o'4df c+u|]htkm{ !^)) hlt dfl/P / afFsL Hofg hf]ufP/ hgsk'/ efu] . uf]/vfnL tkm{ sl/a #)) hgfn] zxfbt k|fKt u/] . o;/L sKtfg lsgnf]s /fhf hok|sfznfO{ ;xof]u ug{ c;kmn ePsf lyP . oxL l;nl;nfdf lj=;+= !*@& -;g\ !&&)O{=_ df h]D; nf]ug  [James Logan] / lj=;+=!*$) -;g\ !&*$O{=_df kmS;qmfˆ6 [Foxcfat] ldzgnfO{ pkxf/ ;lxt g]kfn k7fPsf] lyof] t/ oL b'a} ldzn c;kmn eof] . g]kfndfly rLgn] cfqmd0f ubf{ afWotfjz c+u|]h ;/sf/l;t g]kfnn] ;}lgs ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ afl0fHo ;lGw u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;lGw cg';f/ ss{k]l6«s [Captain Kirk Patrick] g]kfn cfudg eof] t/ pgsf] ldzg ;kmn x'g ;s]g .  

:jfdL dxf/fh /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] sfzL k|:yfg kZrft lj=;+=!*%* sflt{s (÷!) -;g\ !*)! cS6f]a/ @)_ df !# ;"qLo Ps csf{] afl0fHo tyf Jofkf/ ;lGw eof] . pQm ;lGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 d"n sfhL bfdf]b/ kf08] / sDkgL ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sKtfg gS;n] x:tfIf/ u/] . ;f] ;lGw cg';f/ lj=;+=!*%* r}q @&÷@* -;g !*)@ clk|n !)_ df sKtfg gSz [Captain Knox] g]kfn cfP . pgL klg c;kmn eO{ kms{] . g]kfnnfO{ c+u|]hx?sf] OR5f rfxgf adf]lhd rnfpg g;lsPsf]n] ;g\ !*)$ O{=hgj/Ldf O{i6 Ol08of sDkgL ;/sf/sf ue{g/ hg/n n8{ a]n]HnLn] ;g\ !&(@ / !*)! O{ sf ;lGwx? /2 ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff u/] .

^= e"tk"j{ /fhf–/hf}6fx?sf] g]kfn lj/f]wL gLlt / c+u|]hx?sf] kIf lng' M

ljzfn g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{] qmddf g]kfnn] w]/} :yfgx?df cfˆgf] clwkTo sfod u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf lj:tf/ eO{ u9jfn, sfFu8f cflb cwLg:y eO ;s]sf] lyof] . k"j{df l6i6fb]lv klZrddf ;tnh;Dd ;Ldfgf lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] of] lj:tf/jfbL gLlt w]/} /fhf/hf}6fx?nfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . To;}n] logLx? g]kfn lj/f]w x'g k'u] . g]kfnsf uf]Ko s'/fx? tyf af6f]3f6f]sf af/]df c+u|]hnfO{ hfgsf/L k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/] . u9jfn, s'dfpFsf /fhs'df/x?, kfNkfsf k"j{dGqL tyf /fhu'? sgslglw ltjf/L cflbn] c+u|]hx?nfO{ k"0f{?kn] ;dy{g ug{ k|ltj4 eP eg] xG8'/sf /fhf /fdz/0f / sfFu8fsf /fhf ;+;f/rGbn] g]kfnsf] v'n]ofd lj/f]w ug{ yfn] o;n] ubf{ c+u|]hx? g]kfnl;t o'4 ug{ pBt -tTk/_ eP .

&= c+u|]hx?n] cg's"n kl/l:ylt / x]l:6Ë;sf] gLltM

j]noft / k|mfG; aLr zq'tf lyof] . k|mfG;n] la|l6z ef/t dfly cfqmd0f ug{ ;S5' eGg] j]nfotnfO{ 7"nf] cfz+sf lyof] . ?;sf] /fhwfgL d:sf] dfly cfqmd0f ug{ cufl8 a9]sf] g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{ jf6/n'sf] n8fO{df la|l6z ;]gfklt g]N;g;Fu k/flht ePsf]n] k|mfG;sf] 8/ /x]g . jfxØ Pj+ cfGtl/s n8fO{ jf lj/f]wsf] ;+efjgf g /x]sf]n] sDkgL ;/sf/ cfZj:t ePsf] lyof] . oxL a]nf sDkgL ;/sf/sf] ue{g/sf] ?kdf lj=;+=!*&) cflZjg -;g\ !*!# cS6f]a/$_ sf lbg n8{ x]l:6Ë;n] kb axfnL u/]sf lyP . n8{ x]l:6Ë;-dflSj{; ckm\ x]l:6+U;\_ nfO{ n8{ df]O/f -[British Indian Governor General Lord Moira] klg elgG5 . -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vfM 8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L= k]h g+=@$! g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ -lj=;==!*&! b]lv @)&! ;DdM 8f= k|]dl;+x a:Goft, k]h !)*÷g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vf afnrGb| zdf{ k]h g+=@%^_ logL b]zeQm / Hofb} dxTjsfFIfL Pj+ c+u|]h ;fdfHosf] lj:tf/jfbL gLltsf s§/ ;dy{s ;}lgs clwsf/L ePsf]n] g]kfn;Fusf] ljjfb emg rsf{pg yfn] . o;n] g]kfn;Fusf] n8fO{sf] ;+efjgf a9\g uof] .

*= ;;Ldf ljjfbsf] r/df]Tsif{M

g]kfn / sDkgL ;/sf/sf] cwLg:y Onfsf hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] ;Ldf ;DalGw ljjfb :jfefljs} lyof] . ;Ldf ljjfb b'a} kIf jftf{df a;]/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] eP/ klg Tof] af6f] cjnDag gu/L Ps csf{nfO{ wDsL / o'4 g} ;dfwfgsf] af6f] 7fg]/ sDkgL ;/sf/n] ;fd|fHojfbL rl/q k|bz{g ug{ yfNof] . k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd $@ :yfgdf pTkGg ljjfb dWo] @@ :yfgsf ljjfbn] lgs} rsf{] ?k lnPsf] lyof] . To;dWo] a'6jn / lzj/fh-:o'/fh_ If]q g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf b]vf k¥of] o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vfsf n]vs d"wGo Oltxf;sf/ afnrGb| zdf{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ ck|f;flËs gxf]nfM–æk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ljhoeGbf k"j{b]lv g} kxf8–v08sf ljleGg /hjf8fx?n] ef/tsf l5d]sL d';ndfg clwsf/Lx?l;t pgsf /fHodf kg{] t/fO{sf s]xL efu dfnkf]t lt/f] lng] u/]sf lyP . d'lZnd /fHosf] lgj{ntfsf] nfe p7fO{ pgLx? slxn]sfxL+ dfnkf]t gltg{] klg ub{y], jf dfnkf]t lt/]sf] eGbf clws If]qdf klg sAhf ub{y] . kl5 kxf8–v08df ;';+ul7t g]kfn /fHo / ef/tdf cFu/]hL /fHo :yflkt eP kl5 b'a}df o:t} e"–efunfO{ lnP/ emu8f rNof] . o:tf] emu8f df]/ªdf eLdgu/nfO{ lnP/ p7\of] . t/, kl5 hfFråf/f pQm hdLGb/L sDkgLs} ;fljt ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] To;nfO{ 5f]l8lbof] . d'/fbfafb lhNnfsf ?b|k'/, sfzLk'/, gfgs, dxtfa, ;'a|f / a]nxf/Lsf k/ugf Pj+ ;tnh / od'gfsf] aLrsf rf/ ufpF klg hfFråf/f sDkgLs} l;4 ePsf]n] s'g} gfO{Fgf:tL g} gu/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] tL :yfg sDkgLnfO{ 5f]l8lbof] . o;} k|sf/ lt/x'tsf b'O{;o ufpF / a/]nL lhnfsf tLg tfn'ssf emu8fx? klg ;Gtf]ifhgs /Lltn] ;dfKt eO{;s]sf lyP .

lsGt', c;nL emu8fsf aLp :o"/fh / a'6jn lyP . pQm b'a} lhnf cl3 cjwsf gjfa jhL/sf lyP / tL dWo] :o"/fhpk/ g]kfnLx?n] gjfa jhL/sf] /fHosf] Tof] efu cFu/]hx?sf] b/jndf kg'{eGbf klxnf g} sAhf ul/;s]sf lyP . of] s'/f sDkgLsf tTsfnLg ue{g/ hg/n ;/ hfh{ afnf]{g] gjDa/ !*)% O{=df sf7df08' b/af/nfO{ n]v]sf] kqdf klg :ki6 :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf lyP . kfNkfnL /fhfx?n] gjfa jhL/l;t a'6jnsf] hdLGbf/L dfnkf]t a'emfpg] u/L lnPsf] To; hdLgdf lgM;Gb]x kl5 sDkgLsf] bfjf Gofo;+ut lyof] . lsGt', k[YjLkfn ;]gsf] xTofkl5 ha k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfsf lktf cd/l;+x yfkf kfNkfsf xflsd lgo'Qm eP/ uP, pgn] a'6jnnfO{ klg :jtGq /Lltn] g]kfn–/fHos} efuem} cfˆgf] zf;gdf lnP . o; ljifodf kl5;Dd klg b'a} ;/sf/sf] aLr lgs} nfdf] n]vfk9L rNb} lyof], / c+u|]hx?n] rfx]sf eP ;f] emu8f klg c?em}+ zflGtk"0f{ /Lltn] g} to x'g;SbYof] .

a'6jn / :o"/fhsf] ljifodf b'a} ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx?sf] aLr jftf{ x'Fb} lyof] . sDkgL ;/sf/sf] k|ltlgwL d]h/ k]l/; a|]8zfF / g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx? bne+hg kf08], /Ëgfy u'?Ho" / s[i0f kl08t jftf{sf lglDt vl6Psf lyP . jftf{ hf/L g} lyof] PsfPs Pslbg d]h/ a|]8zfFn] g]kfnL k|ltlglwx?sf] ;fx|} ckdfg u/]sfn] pgLx?n] jftf{ e+u u/L sf7df08' kms{]/ cfP . of] 36gf dfr{ !*$( sf] xf] . -g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vfM afnrGb| zdf{M k]h @%% / @%^ _

(= tTsfnLg sf/0fM c+u|]hsf] cfqmd0f / g]kfnsf] k|Tofqmd0fM

sDkgL ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ b'a}n] ;+odtfk"j{s sfo{ u/]sf] v08df ;Ldf ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g ;SbYof] t/ b'a}n] cf–cfˆgf] c8fg g5f]8\g] To;df klg sDkgL ;/sf/ g]kfnl;t o'4 g} ug{ rfxGy] kl/0ffd:j?k ue{g/ hg/n dflSj{; ckm x]l:6+U; -n8{ df]O/f_ n] lj=;+= !*&) kmfNu'0fsf] cGTolt/ -!! dfr{ !*!$_ df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ :o"/fh a'6jn / /f}tx6sf @@ ufpFx? @% lbg leq 5f]l8lbg] ljifonfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sfn] c+u|]hx? o'4 g} rfxGy] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] @% lbg leq pQm :yfgx? g5f]8] ank"j{s sAhf ug'{ eGg] uf]/vk"/sf snS6/nfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . ælj=;+=!*&!  a}zfv ( ut] cyf{t ;g\ !*!$ clk|n @@ lbg tf]lsPsf] Dofb ljTgf ;fy uf]/vk'/sf c+u|]h dlhi6«]6n] ljjfbu|:t Onfsf sAhf ug{ kmf}h -!& j6f OGˆofi6«L sDkgL_ /jfgf u/] . o; kmf}hsf] d'sfljnf ug{ g]kfnLx/ tof/ lyPgg\ . c+u|]hx?n] o'4 g} gu/L pQm b'a} lhNnfdf cfˆgf] clwsf/ hdfP . To;kl5 Onfsfsf] /Iffy{ s]lx 7fgfx? sfod u/L sDkgL ;/sf/sf] ;]gf kmls{of] . -g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vfM afnrGb| zdf{M k]h @%% / @%^_ Oltxf;sf/ 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf cg';f/ lj=;+=!*&! a}zfv !) ut] lt/ sDkgL ;/sf/sf ;]gf a'6jn k|j]z u/L cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . cfqmd0fdf g]kfn tkm{sf @÷$ hgf /Ifs dfl/Psf lyP . sDkgL ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff rf}sLsf] :yfkgf u/] . cfˆgf] sAhfdf cfPkl5 a'6jn If]qaf6 c+u|]hn] dfnkf]t ;d]t p7fpg z'? u/]sf lyP . -kfNkf bz{gdf k|sflzt n]vM kfNkfsf o'jf k|zf;s s0f{]n phL/l;+x yfkf / g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4 ;Gbe{M k]h (@, (# _

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf n]vs gf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nfn] o; 36gfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\M æ sDkgL ;/sf/n] lbPsf] @% lbg] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] / g]kfnn] s'g} klg k|To'Q/ gk7fPsf]n] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] ;/sf/n] lj=;+= !*&! a}zfv ( ut] -;g\ !*!$ clk|n @@_ sf lbg ljjfbk"0f{ Onfsfdf cfqmd0f u¥of] . g]kfnL ;]gfsf !^ hjfgsf] xTof u/L tL :yfgx? sAhf u¥of] / c:yfoL 7fgf sfod u/L l;dLt ;]gf /fv]/ afFsL kmf}h uf]/vk'/ kmls{of] . -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nf, k]h @($_

g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs If]q leq k|j]z u/]sf c+u|]h kmf}h dfly tTsfn cfqmd0f ug'{ eGbf pgLx?sf] zlQmaf/] hfgsf/L lnP/ ;f]xL adf]lhd tof/L kl5 dfq cfqmd0f ug'{ plrt x'g] s'/f cd/l;+x yfkfn] a'em]sf lyP . To;}sf/0f cfˆgf] zlQm ;'b[9 kf/]kl5 dfq pgn] lj=;+=!*&! ;fn h]7 dlxgfsf] cGTolt/ /ftsf] ;dodf c+u|]hL ;'/Iff rf}sLx?dfly cfqmd0f ul/lbP . ck|Tofl;t ?kdf ul/Psf] of] cfqmd0fsf nflu c+u|]h kIf tof/ lyPgg. kmn:j?k o'4df s]xL c+u|]hL kIfsf ;}lgs dfl/P, afFsL cf–cfˆgf] ;'/Iff rf}sL 5f8]/ efu]sfn] g]kfnn] u'd]sf] cfˆgf] e"–efu k'gM lgoGq0fdf lng ;kmn eP . -kfNkf bz{gdf k|sflzt n]vM kfNkfsf o'jf k|zf;s s0f]{n phL/l;+x yfkf / g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4 ;Gbe{M k]h (# _

sDkgL ;/sf/sf] of] cfqmd0fn] g]kfndf ;g;gL km}lnof] . lj=;+=!*&! h]i7 !^ -;g\ !*!$ O{=@( dO{_ sf lbg bn] yfkf, hoGt zfxL / dl0f/fhsf] g]t[Tjdf kfNkfaf6 uPsf] # kN6g g]kfnL kmf}hn] a'6jndf c+u|]hn] :yfkgf u/]sf] c:yfoL 7fgf dfly /ftsf] ;dodf cfqmd0f u/L b/f]uf ;lxt @* hgf t/ g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf; cg';f/ b/f]uf ;lxt !* k'ln;x?sf] xTof u¥of] , ^ hgf 3fOt] eP . o;/L pQm If]qdf k'gM g]kfnsf] clwsf/ eof] . -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;+u|f}nfM k]h @($ _

oxL 36gfnfO{ lgx"F agfO{ ue{g/ hg/n x]l:6+U; cyf{t[British Indian Governor General Lord Moira] n] lj=;+=!*&! sflt{s !^ ut] ÷;g\ !*!$  gjDa/ ! sf lbg g]kfn lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;+u|f}nfM k]h @($_ æt/ of] 3f]if0ff x'g' eGbf cuf8L g} bz}+sf] df}sf 5f]k]/ c+u|]h kmf}h g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfleq kl;;s]sf lyP . Æ -g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf;M 8f= >L/fd k|;fb pkfWofo, k]h @!%_

Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/] kZrft b'a} tkm{sf] tof/Laf/] rrf{ ug'{ cfZjZos g} x'G5 . c+u|]hx?n] kfFrj6f If]qaf6 g]kfndf cfqmd0f ug{ Jofks tof/L u/]sf lyP, eg] g]kfn klg cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ cfjZos tof/L u/]sf lyP . b'a}sf] ;}lgs tof/ lgDg cg';f/ lyPM

!= k"j{ sf]zL / l6i6fsf] dw'jgL df]rf{af6 Onfd ljhok'/df cfqmd0f ug{

·       c+u|]h SofK6]g af/L n]6/, d]h/ lk6/;Fu @&)) l;kfxL, @&)) aGb's yk *)) l;lSsd] !@ j6f tf]k !))) xltof/;lxt dw'jgL /+uk'/df tof/L tflnd] hu]8f l;kfxL -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;;'j]bL, k]h @)%_

·       l;lSsd tkm{af6 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ efudf cfqm0f ug{ d]h/ n]6/sf] g]t[Tjdf @))) kmf}h -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M b]jL k|;;fb zdf{s8]n, k]h !@&_

·       hg/n n]6/  [ General Letter]  k"lj{of If]qsf] /Iff ub{} g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]q sAhf ug{ @))) kmf}h -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;Mgf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nf, k]h@(%_

·       SofK6]g aL= n]6/nfO{ @$)) ;]gf . bx|f] cfwf/ v8f u/]/ df]/ª–l;lSsd Onfsfdf xdnf ub{} d]h/ hg/n dfn{]sf] ;]gfnfO{ k"j{lt/af6 Flank sf] ;'/Iff lbg -g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ M 8f=k|]dl;+x a:GoftM k]h !!!_

·       g]kfntkm{
s0f]{n aVtfj/l;Fx yfkf / sfhL ab|L e08f/Lsf t}gfydf @))) l;kfxL;Fu %)) aGb's / tf]k ;lxt ljhok'/df /x]sf]

@= dsjfgk'/ df]rf{af6 sf7df08f} cfqmd0f ug{

·       d]h/ hg/n afn]6 df]nL{sf t}gfydf *))) l;kfxL !))) lkkf, *))) aGb's @^ tf]k;lxt !!$ 3f]8r9L () ;'/fsL .

·       k6gfdf s0f{]n k]l/; a|fbzf . /f}tx6df t}gfy ljNn', s0f{]n l8s /f]hh, SofK6]g lzAnLAnfªsL cflbsf] wfjf  -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, k]h @)%_

·       d]h/ hg/n dfn{]sf] g]t[Tjdf *))) ;]gf -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M b]jL k|;fb zdf{ s8]n, &()& hjfg / @^ j6f tf]k -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;M b]jL k|;fb zdf{ s8]n, k]h !@&_

g]kfntkm{

·       s0f{]n /0fjL/l;+x yfkf, k/z'/fd yfkf, adjL/l;+x yfkf, SofK6]g ;j{lht /fgf, jL/s]z/ kf08] / zDz]/ /fgf dftxt #)) tflnd], !))) 5f]s/f l;kfxL !%)) gfn aGb's ! tf]k /Tgk'/ / ;d/k'/df t}gfy ul/Psf] .

·       k;f{u9Ldf uf]/vf, sfnLaS;, gofF uf]/v, >Lgfy, ah|jf0fL, b'uf{aS; kN6g -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;;'j]bL, k]h @)%/ @)^_

·       # uf]/vk'/ df]rf{af6 z/g -;f/g <_ xfgL kfNkf cfqmd0f ug{ M

·       d]h/ hg/n hf]g ;'lnefg 6L=p8sf] t}gfydf %))) l;kfxL, %))) aGb's, !)) lkkf, !% j6f tf]k, !!$ 3f]8r9L, $%& tf]krL, (%* dxf/fgLsf] ;qf+} sDkgLsf hjfg tyf !)) hu]8f l;kfxL, -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf;; M /fhf/fd ;;'j]bL, k]h @)^_

·       a'6jnsf] af6f] kfNkfdf cfqmd0f ug{ hg/n p8sf] g]t[Tjdf $))) ;]gf -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;M b]jL k|;;fb zdf{ s8]n, k]h !@^_

·       uf]/vk'/af6 k|:yfg u/L k|:yfg u/L a'6jndfly clwsf/ hdfpFb} kfNkf sAhf ug{ $^*( hjfg, !@ tf]k / ()) hjfg yk ul/Psf] -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;Mgf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nf, k]h@(%_

·       a). Eighteen Regiment Natures Cowalary-114

·       b). cfl6{n/L -457 [2,18 Pounder, 8,6,4,2,5 inch mortar and 2, 42/5 inch howilter]

·       c). bf]>f] a6flnog

·       d). t]]>f] a6flnog

·       e). t]]>f] sDkgL

·       f). kfFrf}+  sDkgL

·       g).European Infantry -958

·       h). Nature Infantry-2875

·       i). Pioneers-90

·       j). 13000;]gf / el/ofx? -g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ M 8f=k|]dl;;+x a:GoftM k]h !#$_

·       g]kfnsf] ;;}lgs Oltxf; -k]h g+=$!(_ cg';;f/

·       != Ps xhf/ c+u|]hL kmf}h

·       @= tLg xhf/ lxGb':tfgL kmf}h

·       #= King’s 17^th Regiment [Leicestershire Regiment]

·       $= 8^th Cawalary

g]kfn tkm{

·       s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkfsf dftxt #))) l;kfxL, !))) aGb's @ ;fgf b'/L xfGg] tf]k ;lxt jL/ e+hg kf08] 7f8fdf !%)) l;kfxL %)) aGb's ;lxt df]rf{aGbL -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, k]h @)^_

$=x08'/ sf]yn ?k / k:tf] df]rf{af6 cfqmd0f ug{

a[u]l8o/ hg/n cS6/nf]gL / s0f{]n yDk;gsf] g]t[Tjdf !*))) l;kfxL, !*))) aGb's, @) j6f tf]k / ^%)) hu]8f tflnd] l;kfxLx?nfO{ ljleGg df]rf{df k7fpg n'8nf] / l:j8{ t}gfy /x]sf] .

s'dfpF df]rf{df

·       cs{n uf8{g/, n]lˆ6g]06 j]i6/, s0f{]n lgsf]N;, d]h/ k]xg, sKtfg lxo;L{, dlh:6«]6 ld:6/ ufg{/, 8fS6/ /b/kmf]8{sf] t}gfydf (%) 3f]8r9L d]jftL, ?x]nf / ef/tLo k}bn l;kfxL u/L $&&* l;/df]/ / /fgLv]t, cNdf]8f / ljyf}/fu9df ;'/fsL ug{] @^% u/L hDdf ^))) /fOkmn % j6f 7"nf tf]k ;lxt dxfsfL klZrdsf] efu sAhf u/L 8f]6L x'Fbf s'dfpF k'Ug] / ToxfFaf6 u9jfnlt/ hfg] /;bkfgL, dfndQf / lr7Lkq dflg;sf] cf]x/bf]x/ /f]Sg . -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, k]h @)^_

·       g]kfnsf] klZrdL efu ;tnh e]udf cfqmd0f ug{ hg/n cS6/nf]gLsf] g]t[Tjdf ^))) ;]gf -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;Mgf/fo0f k|;;fb ;+;u|f}nfM k]h @(%_

·       g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrd If]qsf] cndf]8f tyf ;LdfjtL{ Onfsfdfly clwsf/ hdfpg ^))) hjfg / @@ j6f 7"nf tf]kx? Kl5 ^,^^* hjfg yk ul/Psf] -cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M gf/fo0f k|;;fb ;+;u|f}nfM k]h@(%_

·       rf}yf] l8lehg lbOPsf] . ljnf;k'/b]lv /fdu9, cfsL{ –dnfp sAhf u/]/ ;'jfy'–h}ys k'uL lhn]:kLsf] ;]gf;Fu Link up x'g] . -g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ M 8f=k|]dl;+x a:GoftM k]h !!!_

g]kfntkm{

·       t}gfyjfnf cd/l;+x yfkf, /0fhf]/l;+x yfkf, h;kfp yfkf, elQm yfkf ;lxt ^)) l;kfx, %)) gfn aGb'ssf ;fy @ tf]k lnO{ /fdu9,gfnfu9, dnfp, /fhu9, /Iff ug{ t}gfy .

·       s'dfpF c+u|]hnfO{ /f]Sg ;/bf/ cË/ yfkf &)) l;kfxL ;lxt cNdf]8faf6 /fgLv]t lt/ k|:yfg .

·       adzfxsf] dftxtsf] s'dfpF df]rf{ sdhf]/

·       xl:tbn zfxLn] 8f]/Laf6 cNdf]8f d2t ug{ hfFbf s'ynu9df x]o;L{nfO{ wkfpFb} s6f/dn k'u]sf lyP .

·       u0fgfydf ho /f]sf @)) ;]gf / x:tbnsf] #)) ;]gfnfO{ c+u|]h kmf}hn] Wj:t kf/]sf]

·       l;6fnL df]rf{df /x]sf ;/bf/ /0f;'/ sfsL{ ;lxt @%) ;]gf ;a} dfl/Psf] .

·       adzfxsf] dftxtdf #)) dflg; / %)) aGb's tf]k;lxt t/ logn] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] . xl:tbn zfxLn] jL/ult k|fKt u/]sf] va/ ;'g]kl5 xtf]T;fxL ag]sf .

·       8f]6L, 88]nw'/f u9Ldf xl:tbn zfxL dftxt #() l;kfxL %) gfn aGb's /x]sf] . -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, k]h @)&_

%= sofbf{b"g, u9jfn, / b]x/fb'g df]rf{

·       d]h/ hg/n /f]nf] /f]a6{ lhn]:kL [General Gillespie] dfl6{G8]n, n]lˆ6g]06 s0f{]n df]aL, d]h/ n'8nf] dftxt !),))) l;kfxL, !),))) aGb's, @) j6f tf]k / ^%)) tflnd] hu]8f l;kfxL . -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, k]h !@&_

·       b]x/fb"g, u9jfn, >Lgu/, gxfg cflb e"–efudf cfqmd0f ug{ hg/n lhn]:kLsf] g]t[Tjdf $))) ;]gf .-cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;M b]jL k|;fb zdf{ s8]n, k]h !@&_

·       ;x/fgk'/af6 k|:yfg u/L b]x/fb"g, >Lgu/, u9jfn, gxfg cflb sAhf ug{ lhn]:kLsf] dftxtdf !)$@@ hjfg / @) j6f tf]kx? - cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;Mgf/fo0f k|;fb ;+u|f}nfM k]h @(%_

·       Dftxt t]>f] l8lehg. ;x/gk'/ -;fx;k'/<_ x'Fb} b]x/fb"g sAhf u/L >Lgu/lt/ a9\g' . -g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ M 8f=k|]dl;;+x a:GoftM k]h (#,($_

g]kfntkm{

·       sKtfg aneb| s'Fj/, l/k'db{g yfkf,/0ff]2Lkl;+x a:Goftx? gfnfkfgLsf] sRrf lgdf{0ffwLg lsNnfdf ^)) dflg;, %) gfn aGb's;fy v's'/L / wg'sfF8sf e/df /Iffy{ vl6Psf . of] o'4 ljZjljVoft 36gfsf] ?kdf bh{ ePsf] . -pNn]v ug'{kg{] w]/} k|;Ë eP klg g;d]l6Psf]n] Ifdf k|fyL{ . -g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf; M /fhf/fd ;;'j]bL, k]h @)& / @)*_

·       c+u|]hx?n] g]kfnsf] kfFrj6f If]qdf g]kfn eGbf @) u'0ff a9L pTs[i6 ;]gf / !)) u'0ff a9L xftxltof/ / pks/0f ;lxt cfqmd0f u/]sf] 8f= k|]dl;+x a:Goftsf] 7x/ 5 . pxfFn] cfˆgf] k':ts g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ -lj=;+=!*&! b]lv @)&! ;Dd_ c+u|]hx?n] v6fPsf] zlQm lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 M

·       Infantry-4061 o'/f]lkog #!)))* ef/tLo #!$)^(

·       Cavalry-664

·       Dromedary-200

·       Artillery-3628

·       Pioneers-843

·       Private Followers-115000

·       Artillery Pieces-106(Guns and Canons)

·       Field Guns-47

·       Howitzers-20

·       Siego Guns-14

·       Morters-23 -g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4sf] @)) jif{ M 8f=k|]dl;;+x a:GoftM k]h (#,($_

g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4df Oi6Ol08of sDkgLsf] /]u'n/ kmf}h #$&$^ / O/]{u'n/ [Irregular] ;]gf !#)#! / ^) j6f tf]k ;lxt /0fIf]qdf plqPsf] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Oltxf;sf n]vs 6]s axfb'/ vqLn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . -zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Oltxf;M k]h&_ g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds n]vs 8f=>L/fdk|;fb pkfWofon] æo;/L sDkgL ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] rf}tL; xhf/ kmf}hsf ;fy g]kfndfly cfqmd0f ug{] tof/L u¥of] . o; o'4sf] lglDt g]kfnn] s]jn afx| xhf/ ;]gf kl/rfng u/]sf] lyof] Æ eGg] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf;M k]h @(%_ Oltxf;ljb\ 8f=OlGb/f hf]zLn] cfˆgf] s[lt æg]kfn c+u|]h o'4Æ df #$ xhf/ sDkgL ;/sf/ kmf}hn] efu lnPsf] lyof] eg] g]kfnLx?sf] !^ xhf/ hlt ;}lgsx? o'4sf nflu tof/L cj:yfdf lyP . -k]hM$(_ eGg] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] tYo Oltxf;sf n]vs Oltxf;sf/ /fhf/fd ;'j]bLn] æo;/L ;;{tL x]bf{ c+u|]htkm{ tflnd], lkkf ef/tLo, g]kfnsf euf}8f, euf}8f, nf]eL / /fi6«3ftLx? ;lxt &%&)) n] ;xfof]u u/] eg] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 hDdf hDdL @$,%)) n] o'4df efu lnPsf] s'/f yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 Æ elg ls6fg ug'{ ePsf]5 . -k]h @)(_ cGTodf xfd|f] lgisif{ oxL xf] ls Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] ;]gfsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL ;]gf gu0o g} xf] . Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL ;/sf/sf] kmf}hn] g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ clwgdf lng] p2]Zon] cfˆgf sdf08/ -d]h/ hg/n_ x?sf] g]t[Tjdf % j6f If]qdf Ps} ;fy cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . xfdLx?n] rf/ If]q cToGt jL/tfsf ;fy n8\bf n8\b} klg k/flht x'g' k¥of] . o;df xfdLn] uj{ g} dfGg' kb{5 . cfh klg tL n8fO{ ljZjljVoft 36gfsf] ?kdf clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ljifoj:t' lhtu9Lsf] o'4l;t ;DaGw ePsf]n] o;}df s]lGb|t /xg] 5f}+ . oxfF k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] ælhtu9 o'4Æ ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f zfxL h+uL c8\8f, sf7df08f}+åf/f k|sflzt ;xfos/yL lzj k|;fb zdf{, 8f= t'n;L/fd a}B / 8f=lq/Tg dfgGw/åf/f ;Dkflbt cToGt dxTjk"0f{ s[lt g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf;af6 p4[t ul/Psf] xf] / k'i6ØfO{sf nflu yk k|;Ë ;d]t ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .  -k]h #*!, $!&, $@# ;;Dd_

æd]h/ hg/n hf]g ;'lnefg p8sf] g]t[Tjdf sl/a $))) hgf ;fd]n ePsf] csf{] c+u|]h kmf}h uf]/vk'/af6 k|:yfg u/]/ ljjfbu|:t :o"/fh / a'6jn If]qdfly sAhf ub{} kfNkf dfly clwsf/ hdfO{ sf7df08f}+sf] klZrdL If]q;Fusf] ;+rf/ ;Dks{ ;d]t cj?4 kfg{] of]hgf lyof] . -k]h#*!_ of]hgf cg';f/ d]h/ hg/n p8 cfˆgf kmf}hsf ;fy agf/;, uf]/vk'/, a'6jn x'Fb} kfNkf  xfGg cufl8 a9] . pgL agf/; l:yt kmf}h ;fy lnO{ ;g\ !*!$ gf]eDa/ !% sf lbg /ftL g]kfnLx?n] *))) kmf}hx? ;lxt nf]6gdf xdnf ub{}5g\ eGg] xNnf uf]/vk'/ k'Uof] . o; va/n] hg/n p8 lg/fz eP . xdnfsf va/ e'm7f] ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 pgn] nf]6g, kfxnL, ldgf/L, :o'/fh st}lt/ klg l8Jofrd]G6 gk7fO{ cfkm";Fu ePsf ;a} @^ sDkgL / !! j6f ug [Ordence] sf] d2tn] a'6jnsf] uf}+8f g} xfGg] lgZro u/] . kfNkfsf] ;'/Iffy{ k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfsf elthf s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkf vl6Psf lyP . logL ;a'h u'Ndsf x'g . o; ;a'h u'NdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ u'?aS; u'Nd v6fOPsf] lyof] . u'?aS; u'Ndsf b'O{;o hjfg / ;a'hsf % 6's8L lnO{ sfhL jL/e~hg kf08] lhtu9df t}gfy lyP . otf d]h/ hg/n p8n] n8fO{df ljho xfl;n ug{ b'O{ k|sf/sf] of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] .

!= ltgfp gbLsf] klZrdkl§ lgSs} leqaf6 pQ/ nflu kxf8}kxf8af6 Ps}rf]l6 g'jfsf]6 u9L g} Wj:t kfg{] . o;f] ugf{n] lhtu9sf kmf}hnfO{ yk d2t ug{ /f]lsGYof] . g'jfsf]6af6 cf]/fnf] nfUb} tn /x]sf g]kfnL kmf}hdfly cfqmd0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / d}bfgkl§af6 yk xdnf ubf{ b'a}lt/af6 Rofkdf kf/L lhtu9 ;lhn}l;t lhTg ;lsg] .

@= klxnf lhtu9nfO{ Wj:t kfg{] . o:tf] ug{ ;lsof] eg] a'6jn uf}+8f ;lhn}l;t sAhf ug{ ;lsg] . To;kl5 ltgfpsf] k"j{ tkm{sf] kxf8}kxf8 a]rNtLsf] af6f] eP/ kfNkfdf xdnf ug{] . lsgeg] kfNkfdf ePsf kmf}h g'jfsf]6 u9L / lhtu9df uO{ ;s]sf] x'g] x'Fbf kfNkfnfO{ ;lhn}l;t sAhfdf lng ;lsg] / To;kl5 g'jfsf]6nfO{ clwgdf kfg{ ;lsg] . klxnf] of]hgf ;Nnfxsf/ sgsd'lg ltjf/Ln] dfg]gg\ . g'jfsf]6sf] 8fF8fsf] 6'Kk} 6'Kkf k'Ug Hofb} sl7g x'g] / g'jfsf]6u9Lsf] # dfOn j/k/ kfgLsf] cefj ;fdgf ug'{ kg{] x'Fbf klxnf] of]hgf cl:js[t eof] . cGttM bf]>f] of]hfgf dtflas cuf8L a9\g] ;xdlt aGof] .

c+u|]hL ;]gf æl;p/fÆ-;]d/f d'sfd_ df SofDk agfO{ ;s]sf] lyof] . l;p/f -;]d/f d'sfd_ df SofDk agfO{ a;]sf] lyof] . l;p/f -;]d/f_ df kfFr sDkgL kmf}h / Pp6f tf]k 5f]8L afFsL ;a} kN6gsf ;fy d]h/ hg/n p8 lj=;+=!*&! kf}if @! ut]÷;g\ !*!% hgj/L # tfl/vsf lbg pQ/tkm{ nfu] . kmf}h k"j{kl§af6 lsgf/}lsgf/ s]xL dfOn pQ/ nfu] . a'6jn k'Ug s]xL dfOn afFsL /xFbf ltgfp gbLkf/ u/L klZrd tkm{ a9] . klZrd tkm{ nueu % dfOn cufl8 a9]kl5 kmf}h km]l/ pQ/tkm{ nfUof] . rf/}lt/ xfQL 8'afpg] 9•L / h+un lyP . o;n] ubf{ kmf}hnfO{ Ps}lt/af6 cufl8 a9fpg ;s]gg\ . af6f]n] ubf{ kmf}h 5l/P/ cuf8L a9\g yfNof] . kmf}hnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg g;Sbf 8ˆkmfsf 8ˆkmf 5'l§P . hg/n p8n] kmf}h Pslqt ubf{ P8efG; uf8{sf # sDkgLdfq pgsf] ;fydf lyof] . pgn] cfkm" ePsf] 7fpFsf] hfohf ln+bf h+un ;dfKt ePsf], s]lx cuf8L nx/f / sfO{n] 9flsPsf] 9'+ufsf] nfdf] / cUnf] kvf{n b]lvof] . Ol~hgLo/sf] PG;fog :6]kmgnfO{ ;fgf] 8ˆkmf ;lxt lsNnfsf] /]sL ug{ k7fP . j/k/ x]bf{ lsNnf vfnL h:tf] nflu kms{] . t/ s]xL j/ dfq s] cfPsf lyP, lsNnf leqaf6 uf]nL rNof] . c+u|]h kIfsf Ps–b'O{hgf 9n] / c? kms{]/ cfpg ;kmn eP . c+u|]hx? v'nf d}bfgdf lyP eg] g]kfnL kmf}h lsNnf leq lyP . ha ;a} kmf}h Pslqt eP d]h/ hg/n p8n] ;a} kmf}hnfO{ b'O{ 6f]nLdf ljeQm u/] . Pp6f 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj sKtfg qmf]s/ / csf{] 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj :jo+ p8n] ;Dxfn] . b'a} 6f]nL cuf8L dfq s] a9]sf] lyof], 3df;fg o'4 eof] . sKtfg qmf]s/sf] bnn] lsNnfsf] bflxg] tkm{af6 xdnf u/]sf lyP . oxL 6f]nLåf/f ;/bf/ ;"o{ yfkf dfl/Psf lyP . of] 6f]nL n8\bf n8\b} lsNnfsf] ;tx eGbf cem dfly k'Uof] . o;n] ubf{ c? kmf}hn] klg nfe x'g] 7fpFdf k'Ug] cj;/ kfP . p8n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] 6f]nLsf] dgf]an a9\of] . g]kfnLx?sf] l:ylt s]xL sdhf]/ b]lvof] . lhtu9L lsNnfsf] cj:yf alnof] g} /x]sf] d]h/ hg/n p8n] cg'e"lt u/] . csf{]tkm{ ;a'h / u'/aS; kN6gsf afFsL kmf}h lnO{ s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkf g'jfsf]6af6 cf]nL{ lhtu9L leqaf6} o'4sf] g]t[Tj ul/ /x]sf lyP . 3df;fg o'4 eO{ g} /x]sf] lyof] . kmf}hsf] cl3Nnf] k+lQmdf nl8/x]sf a[u]8 d]h/ x}6 / Ol~hgLo/sf n]lˆ6g]06 df]l/zg g/fd|/L 3fOt] eO{ ;s]sf lyP . g]kfnLx?sf] eGbf c+u|]hx?sf] kmf}h w]/} lyof] t/ n8fO{sf] b+u x]bf{ p8sf] hf]z lzlyn x'Fb} lyof] . pgn] cg'dfg u/]sf] eGbf cs{} 9+un] o'4 eO /x]sf] lyof] . cfˆgf] of]hgf /fd|f] gePsf] / n8fO{nfO{ æca s] ug{] < eg]/ ;f]w] < xfl8{Dofgn] æt'?Gt sKtfg qmf]s/sf] 6f]nLnfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] jf o'4sf] d}bfg 5f]8\g] Æhjfkm lbP . p8nfO{ a]sf/df kmf}hsf] Hofg uO{ /x]sf] dx;'; ePsf]n] ;a} kmf}hnfO{ o'4 e"ld 5f]8\g] [Gerneral Retreat] cfb]z lbP . c+u|]hx?n] g]kfnL kmf}haf/] clnslt klg cg'dfg nufPsf] eP l:ylt cs{} x'g ;SYof] . d]h/ hg/n p8n] d]h/ sf]ldgnfO{ ltgfp gbL kf/ ug'{ eGbf cufj} kfNkf hfg] af6f] / g'jfsf]6 u9Lsf] cj:yfsf] cWoog ug{ k7fPsf lyP . d]h/ sf]ldg ;lhn}l;t g'jfsf]6u9L k'u]sf], lsNnf nueu vfnL /x]sf] / plh/l;+x yfkf kmf}h ;lxt cf]ln{ ;s]sf] atfP kl5 p8 emg e|ldt eP . d]h/ hg/n p8sf] lhtu9Laf6 blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;'/hk'/df kms{] . To;kl5 ;g\ !*!% hgj/L @) tf/Lvsf lbg nf]6g k'u] . t/ klg d]h/ hg/n p8 km]l/ klg lhtu9L xdnf ug{] k|oTgdf nflu /x] s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkf cfˆgf ;a} kmf}h lnO{ g'jfsf]6 u9L klg 5f]8L kfNkf kms{] eGg] va/ kfPkl5 hg/n p8n] of] df}sfnfO{ u'dfpg gx'g] 7fgL a'6jn tkm{ a9\g] tTk/tf b]vfP . s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkf g'jfsf]6 5f]8L kfNkf nfu]sf] dfr{sf] bf]>f] xKtfsf] cflv/Llt/ xf] . hg/n p8nfO{ tof/L ug{ w]/} lbg nfUof] . cflv/ p8 cfˆgf bnan ;lxt ;g\ !*!% clk|n ^ tfl/vsf lbg nf]6g cfO{k'u] . To;a]nf;Dd df};d klg k|lts'n x'g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . p8 bnan ;lxt ltgfp gbLsf] k"jL{ lsgf/} lsgf/ cuf8L a9\b} uP -xfnsf] /fhdfu{_ pQ/ a9\bf a9\b} kmf}h a'6jnsf] zx/sf] kfl/kl§ -xfn v:of}nL ahf/_ k'Uof] . aLrdf ltgfp gbL alu/x]sf]n] ;/f;/ kf/L tg{ ;s]gg\ . p8sf] kmf}h;+u !* kfp08/ ug  / $ j6f df]6f{x? lyP . kmf}htkm{ rf}aL; OGkm]G6«L sDkgLx/ / @)) O6{]u'n/ x;{Dofgx? lyP . c+u|]h kmf}hsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnL kmf}h gu0o g} lyof] . b'a}lt/sf kmf}hx? cfdg] ;fdg] ltgfp gbLsf] jfl/kf/L lyP . c+u|]h kmf}hn] tf]kn] xdnf u/] . g]kfnL kmf}hn] Ps–b'O{ tf]kn] k|Tofqmd0f u/] . c+u|]hx?n] uf]nfaf/L ug{ yfn] t/ g]kfnLx?n] hjfkmL xdnf u/]gg\ . a'6jn zx/ / u9 hgz'Go ePsf] cg'dfg u/] . c+u|]h kmf}hsf] !* kfp08/sf] uf]nfn] b/af/-dl0fd's'Gb ;]gsf]_ Wj:t eof] . of] g]kfnnfO{ ePsf] 7"nf] Iflt lyof] . b/af/ Wj:t ePsf] / hjfjL xdnf gePsf]n] d]h/ hg/n p8n] cfˆgf] kmf}hnfO{ ltgfp gbL kf/ u/L zx/ k:g] cfb]z lbP . c+u|]h kmf}h -/]sL ug{] 6f]nL_ ltgfp gbL cfwf–cfwL dfq s] k'u]sf lyP . To;} avt lhtu9Laf6 PsfPs uf]nLsf] aiff{ eof] . s]xL c+u|]h kmf}h gbL d} dfl/P . To;n] ltgfp gbL /utfDo x'g k'Uof] . c? efufefu ub{} kms{] . oxL k|;+unfO{ k|frLg g]kfn c+s @$-k]h !( / @)_ df n8fOsf] j0f{g o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

æo;} ;fn r}q z'lb * /f]h # sf lbg c+u|]hn] @@ km0fL ePsf] tf]k NofO{ s';'d3f6df a;]/ a'6jnsf] b/af/df xfGbf nfUof] / b/af/ l5GgleGg kfl/lbO{ nZs/ a'6jn r9fof] . To;avtdf bz–a; hjfg l;kfxL dfq a'6jn u9L-lhtu9L_df a;]sf lyP . c? kfFr ;ft;o nZs/sf ;fydf lnO{ s'De]bfg ho;'/ yfkf gdssf emf8Ldf a;]sf lyP . c+u|]hsf] cl3Nnf] df]x8f a'6jnsf cf8df hf]l/of] / uf]/vfnLx?n] Ps;n'6[Assault]-cfsl:ds cfqmd0f, xdnf, u9L jf lsNnfdf ul/g] wfjf, xdnf ug'{, r9fO{ ug'{, cfOnfUg', hfOnfUg', cfqmd0f ug'{, wfjf af]Ng'  [Ekta comprehensime English nepali dictionary] nufpFbf c+u|]hsf ;a} kmf}h efu] . To;sf/0f n8fO{df lht eof] .Æ

o;} k|;Ël;t ldNbf]h'Nbf] lhtu9L bf]>f] k6ssf] hg/n p8sf] cfqmd0f af/] 8f=ej]Zj/ k+u]gLn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ M

clGtd k|of; :j?k lj=;+= !*&@ ;fnsf] cf/Dedf @$ sDkgL k}bn ;]gf / @)) 3f]8r9L ;]gf !* kfp08sf] uf]nf a;f{pg ;Sg] b'Oj6f / xNsf uf]nf a;f{pg ;Sg] rf/j6f tf]kx/sf ;fy hg/n p8 3gf h+un afx]s cGo s'g} Jojwfg ljgf g} a'6jn ;Dd k'Ug ;kmn eP . a'6jn ahf/ If]qdf g]kfnL tkm{af6 kmf6km'6 uf]nL rn] klg 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ;f] zfGt eof] . ha c+u|]hL ;]gf a'6jn ahf/tkm{ hfg ltgfp gbL kf/ ug{ nfu] ta pgLx? Dfly g]kfnL ;]gfn] uf]nL a;f{pg yfn] c+u|]hL ;]gfn] tf]kaf6 uf]nf a;f{pg nfu]kl5 g]kfnL ;]gf r'k nfu]/ a;] . o; avt lhtk'/ u9Ldf #%) hgfdfq g]kfnL ;}lgs lyP . ;f] u9Ldfly uf]nf a;f{P tfklg s'g} k|ltsf/ gu/]sfn] 8/fP// g]kfnL ;]gf efu] eg] hg/n p8sf] cGbfh lyof] . st}af6 k|ltsf/ gu/]sfn] 8/fP/ g]kfnL ;]gf efu] eGg] hg/n p8sf] cGbfh lyof] . st}af6 k|ltsf/ gu/]sfn] 8/fP/ g]kfnL ;]gf efu] eGg] hg/n p8sf] cGbfh lyof] . st}af6 k|ltsf/ gePsfn] pgn] cfˆgf] ;}lgsnfO{ ;–;fgf bn agfP/ ltgfp gbL kf/ u/L u9Ldfly cfqmd0f ug{ lgb{]zg lbP . o:t}df u9Lsf] 9f]sfdf k'u]sf] zq'sf] klxnf] 6f]nLnfO{ clkm;/x?–s'De]bfg ho;'/ yfkf nufot g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfqmd0f u/L vtd kf/] . klxnf] 6f]nL a]kQf ePsf] b]lv cGo 6f]nL cuf8L a9\g] lxDdt g} u/]gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf a'6jn If]qdfly ljho ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t hg/n p8n] o:tf] cj:yfdf ljho ub{} kxf8tkm{ a9\g] geP/ g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ t/fO{ tkm{ a9\g glbg' g} cfˆgf] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ eGb} To;}qmddf xft–xltof/sf ;fy ;]gfnfO{ kmsf{P/ cfkm" klg ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf kms{g afWo eP . Æ-kfNkf bz{g @)^! df k|sflzt 8f=ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf] n]vM kfNkfsf o'jf k|zf;s s0f{]n plh/l;+x yfkf / g]kfn–c+u|]h o'4 ;Gbe, k]h !)! / !)@ _

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